GAT-B Arts, Humanities & Social Science With Answers

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GAT-B Arts, Humanities & Social Science

Sr. # Questions Answers Choice
1 The unflattering reviews that his latest recording received were __________ by his fans, who believe that everything he performs is a triumph of artistic _____________. dismissed ... creativity hailed ... responsibility suppressed ... self-promotion accepted ... genius regretted ... pretension
2 In many parts of East Africa at that time, wild animals were so ___________ that it was almost impossible for a photographer to approach close enough to film them. rare large wary numerous unsightly
3 Famous educationist Farrukh Khan makes a career of expanding the limits of tuition jobs by starting ICON, making hetherto - impossible takes _________ through the new teaching methodology designed by his academy. famous feasible fantastic controversial captivating
4 Many people find Ustad Salamat Ali's music not only entertaining but also __________. Listening to it helps them to relax and to _________ the tensions they feel at the end of a tiring day. soothing ... heighten therapeutic ... allleviate sweet ... underscore exhausting ... relieve interesting ... activate
5 Freeing embedded fossils from rock has becomes less _________ for paleontologists, who now have tiny vibrating drills capable of working with great speed and delicacy. exploratory conclusive tedious respected demeaning
6 In many cases, the formerly __________ origins of disease have now been identified though modern scientific techniques. insightful mysterious cruel notable useful
7 The __________ of the Fokker crash near Multan airport could have been avoided if more safety ________ had been taken. tragedy - precautions incident - preserves fiasco - inspectors crew - measures
8 He demanded _________ obedience from his roommates, and was always telling them they must be compliant subjects. total partial formal complete
9 Whereas Shahid's _________ personality made it difficult for his classmates to accept him, Javed ingratiated himself with his sweetness and modesty. susceptible pretentious dashing pleasing
10 The softness of the early morning light ________ the room, making it larger and cozier at once scattered transformed transgenic classifying
11 Although the community was usually considered, a safe haven but who expressed beliefs contrary to those of the majority were _________ . applauded disgruntled democracy persecuted
12 A bus driver on Muree roads should have _________ trouble ahead when the road _______ into a blind path. expected - transformed seen - collapsed interrogated - grew anticipated - dwindled
13 A rumor that the corporation was close to the ________ caused panic among its creditors and stockholders new venture bankruptcy dividend declaration annual board meeting
14 It was difficult to imagine Jameela, __________ woman, as a psychiatrist; listening while others talked was not her style a talkative a cheering a smiling a aggressive
15 The applicant answered tough questions with ________ candor, winning over many interviewers who had previously supported his rival. Planed Impatient Uniintentional Disarming
16 Salma's home looked as though it had been ________ from a rag bin; her expensive burner was her sole _________ of luxury clean------- expensive computerized---------cost modernized--------symbol salvaged-----sign
17 Despite his illness, Inzamam was __________ in winning his team disappointing useless vigorous Instrumental
18 So ____________ was the sales persons tone about the qualities of the new computer system that Najam nearly missed ------- in its calculations in his budget. persauasive ------- flaw adopted -------- accuracy harsh---------- amount irritating-------greatness
19 Ozone in the Earth's atmosphere _________ living organisms from damaging ultraviolet radiation Protects Warms reflects absorbs
20 Fauzia presents herself as a bold journalist by asking people in politics the kinds of __________ questions that other reporters do not ask. controverstal circumnutating abnormal irrelevant
21 The Supreme Court's reversal of its previous ruling on the issue of provincial rights ___________ its reputation for ____________ . sustanied........inconsistency compromised.......consistency maintain........fallacy spoiled......flexibility
22 Bano's prize-wining novel Raja Gidh exemplifies the intrinsic strength of a person; the protagonist tells her own experiences so effectively that any additional commentary would be ____________ . appreciable controversial superfluous subjective
23 The study on Pseudomonas is so __________ that it leaves no part of life cycle of this notorious pathogen. comprehensive sporadic prolific Clean
24 A judgement made before all the facts are known must be called _______ . harsh deliberate sensible premature
25 Children not only provide cheap labor, but they are also _________, they do not complain about mental tensions given to them or about harsh treatment. impertinent facile docile hesitant
26 The editor found the articles so __________ he hesitated to print them. positive comical improbable Indecisive
27 The country is a regional ________ , an absolute but highly dynamic monarchy that has created an economic _________ out of little more than vision, geography and will. anomaly... powerhouse synchronicity... giant incongruity... dwarf paradox... dependency
28 _________ temporary power lines and data cables, huddled around laptops and editing equipment, journalists and technicians were ________ out news to many outposts. Among... burning Although... turning Using... tossing Amid... churning
29 The term conservationist had been defined by some as a person who believes that the natural world is endlessly ________ and beautiful, and therefore as much of it as possible should be _________ . irrational.......preserved abhorrent.....salvaged fascinating.......saved exhilarative.......promoted
30 Shamim Durani has expressed his hope that the project can _______ support for conserving the Peerowal forests. raise rally mount foster
31 As the last _______ slice of Arabian coastal plain bordering the continent's vast equatorial rain biologically ________ mosaic of forests, savannas, lagoons, lakes and beaches that, until recently, was virtually unknown to science underdevloped ........... luxuriant uncharted....... broken examined..........plentiful undeveloped........rich
32 Despite signs of a truce, the country's dilemma remains, should they let the north country remain _________ or should they ________ it. autonomous . . . . conquer free ...... self-governing independent . . . separated quelled ...... annexed
33 Karachi's teachers received the third largest salary hike in the country last year but still did not move up in national _________ . competition readings rankings ratings
34 NADRA data show that the number of citizens receiving welfare ________ again last year even though an economic slowdown pushed more people into ____________ . rescinded... beggary reduced... affluence jumped... subservience declined . . . . . poverty
35 Power and possession have been central pursuits of modem civilization for a long time. They blocked out or distorted other features of the western renaissance (revival) which promised so much for humanity. What people have been and are still being taught to prize is money, success, and control over the lives of others, acquisition of more and more objects. Modern social, political, and economic systems, whether capitalist, fascist or communist, reject in their working the basic principle that the free and creative enfoldment of every man, woman and child is the true measure of the worth of any society. Such enfoldment requires understanding and imagination, integrity and compassion, cooperation among people and harmony between the human species and the rest of nature. Acquisitiveness and the pursuit of power have made the modern man an aggressor against everything that is non-human, an exploiter, and oppressor of those who are poor, meek, and unorganized, a pathological type which hates and distrusts the world and suffers from both acute loneliness and false pride. The need for a new renaissance is deeply felt by those sensitive and conscientious men and women who not only perceive the dimensions of the crisis of our age but who also realize that only through conscious and cooperative human effort may this crisis be met and probably even overcome.
Q: Which of the following is most opposite in meaning to the word 'deeply' as used in the passage?
 Widely Superficially Wrongly Openly
36 Power and possession have been central pursuits of modem civilization for a long time. They blocked out or distorted other features of the western renaissance (revival) which promised so much for humanity. What people have been and are still being taught to prize is money, success, and control over the lives of others, acquisition of more and more objects. Modern social, political, and economic systems, whether capitalist, fascist or communist, reject in their working the basic principle that the free and creative enfoldment of every man, woman and child is the true measure of the worth of any society. Such enfoldment requires understanding and imagination, integrity and compassion, cooperation among people and harmony between the human species and the rest of nature. Acquisitiveness and the pursuit of power have made the modern man an aggressor against everything that is non-human, an exploiter, and oppressor of those who are poor, meek, and unorganized, a pathological type which hates and distrusts the world and suffers from both acute loneliness and false pride. The need for a new renaissance is deeply felt by those sensitive and conscientious men and women who not only perceive the dimensions of the crisis of our age but who also realize that only through conscious and cooperative human effort may this crisis be met and probably even overcome.
Q: Which of the following is most nearly the same in meaning as the word 'rest' as used in the passage?
 Partial Remaning Relax All
37 Power and possession have been central pursuits of modem civilization for a long time. They blocked out or distorted other features of the western renaissance (revival) which promised so much for humanity. What people have been and are still being taught to prize is money, success, and control over the lives of others, acquisition of more and more objects. Modern social, political, and economic systems, whether capitalist, fascist or communist, reject in their working the basic principle that the free and creative enfoldment of every man, woman and child is the true measure of the worth of any society. Such enfoldment requires understanding and imagination, integrity and compassion, cooperation among people and harmony between the human species and the rest of nature. Acquisitiveness and the pursuit of power have made the modern man an aggressor against everything that is non-human, an exploiter, and oppressor of those who are poor, meek, and unorganized, a pathological type which hates and distrusts the world and suffers from both acute loneliness and false pride. The need for a new renaissance is deeply felt by those sensitive and conscientious men and women who not only perceive the dimensions of the crisis of our age but who also realize that only through conscious and cooperative human effort may this crisis be met and probably even overcome.
Q:Which of the following is most opposite in meaning to the word 'central' as used in the passage?
 Lateral Inadequate Peripheral Major
38 Power and possession have been central pursuits of modem civilization for a long time. They blocked out or distorted other features of the western renaissance (revival) which promised so much for humanity. What people have been and are still being taught to prize is money, success, and control over the lives of others, acquisition of more and more objects. Modern social, political, and economic systems, whether capitalist, fascist or communist, reject in their working the basic principle that the free and creative enfoldment of every man, woman and child is the true measure of the worth of any society. Such enfoldment requires understanding and imagination, integrity and compassion, cooperation among people and harmony between the human species and the rest of nature. Acquisitiveness and the pursuit of power have made the modern man an aggressor against everything that is non-human, an exploiter, and oppressor of those who are poor, meek, and unorganized, a pathological type which hates and distrusts the world and suffers from both acute loneliness and false pride. The need for a new renaissance is deeply felt by those sensitive and conscientious men and women who not only perceive the dimensions of the crisis of our age but who also realize that only through conscious and cooperative human effort may this crisis be met and probably even overcome.
Q:The modern value systems encourage the importance of which one of the following?
 Craving for power and possession Basic respect for all individuals Spiritual development of all individuals Spirit of inquiry and knowledge
39 Power and possession have been central pursuits of modem civilization for a long time. They blocked out or distorted other features of the western renaissance (revival) which promised so much for humanity. What people have been and are still being taught to prize is money, success, and control over the lives of others, acquisition of more and more objects. Modern social, political, and economic systems, whether capitalist, fascist or communist, reject in their working the basic principle that the free and creative enfoldment of every man, woman and child is the true measure of the worth of any society. Such enfoldment requires understanding and imagination, integrity and compassion, cooperation among people and harmony between the human species and the rest of nature. Acquisitiveness and the pursuit of power have made the modern man an aggressor against everything that is non-human, an exploiter, and oppressor of those who are poor, meek, and unorganized, a pathological type which hates and distrusts the world and suffers from both acute loneliness and false pride. The need for a new renaissance is deeply felt by those sensitive and conscientious men and women who not only perceive the dimensions of the crisis of our age but who also realize that only through conscious and cooperative human effort may this crisis be met and probably even overcome.
Q:The author hopes that the present crisis can be solved by
 Devoted individual efforts Different political systems Purpose and collective human efforts Spiritually developed individuals
40 Power and possession have been central pursuits of modem civilization for a long time. They blocked out or distorted other features of the western renaissance (revival) which promised so much for humanity. What people have been and are still being taught to prize is money, success, and control over the lives of others, acquisition of more and more objects. Modern social, political, and economic systems, whether capitalist, fascist or communist, reject in their working the basic principle that the free and creative enfoldment of every man, woman and child is the true measure of the worth of any society. Such enfoldment requires understanding and imagination, integrity and compassion, cooperation among people and harmony between the human species and the rest of nature. Acquisitiveness and the pursuit of power have made the modern man an aggressor against everything that is non-human, an exploiter, and oppressor of those who are poor, meek, and unorganized, a pathological type which hates and distrusts the world and suffers from both acute loneliness and false pride. The need for a new renaissance is deeply felt by those sensitive and conscientious men and women who not only perceive the dimensions of the crisis of our age but who also realize that only through conscious and cooperative human effort may this crisis be met and probably even overcome.
Q:The western renaissance could not make total impact on today's humanity because
 It was conceptually weak It was against basic principle Conscientious men opposed it None of these
41 Power and possession have been central pursuits of modem civilization for a long time. They blocked out or distorted other features of the western renaissance (revival) which promised so much for humanity. What people have been and are still being taught to prize is money, success, and control over the lives of others, acquisition of more and more objects. Modern social, political, and economic systems, whether capitalist, fascist or communist, reject in their working the basic principle that the free and creative enfoldment of every man, woman and child is the true measure of the worth of any society. Such enfoldment requires understanding and imagination, integrity and compassion, cooperation among people and harmony between the human species and the rest of nature. Acquisitiveness and the pursuit of power have made the modern man an aggressor against everything that is non-human, an exploiter, and oppressor of those who are poor, meek, and unorganized, a pathological type which hates and distrusts the world and suffers from both acute loneliness and false pride. The need for a new renaissance is deeply felt by those sensitive and conscientious men and women who not only perceive the dimensions of the crisis of our age but who also realize that only through conscious and cooperative human effort may this crisis be met and probably even overcome.
Q:Which of the following is one of the requirements bringing out the best in man?
 Money Success Power Understanding
42 Power and possession have been central pursuits of modem civilization for a long time. They blocked out or distorted other features of the western renaissance (revival) which promised so much for humanity. What people have been and are still being taught to prize is money, success, and control over the lives of others, acquisition of more and more objects. Modern social, political, and economic systems, whether capitalist, fascist or communist, reject in their working the basic principle that the free and creative enfoldment of every man, woman and child is the true measure of the worth of any society. Such enfoldment requires understanding and imagination, integrity and compassion, cooperation among people and harmony between the human species and the rest of nature. Acquisitiveness and the pursuit of power have made the modern man an aggressor against everything that is non-human, an exploiter, and oppressor of those who are poor, meek, and unorganized, a pathological type which hates and distrusts the world and suffers from both acute loneliness and false pride. The need for a new renaissance is deeply felt by those sensitive and conscientious men and women who not only perceive the dimensions of the crisis of our age but who also realize that only through conscious and cooperative human effort may this crisis be met and probably even overcome.
Q:The real attainment of any society can be judged by which of the following?
 The encouragement for acquisitive tendencies Total victimization of conscientious persons The degree of freedom for pursuing more and more power None of these
43 Power and possession have been central pursuits of modem civilization for a long time. They blocked out or distorted other features of the western renaissance (revival) which promised so much for humanity. What people have been and are still being taught to prize is money, success, and control over the lives of others, acquisition of more and more objects. Modern social, political, and economic systems, whether capitalist, fascist or communist, reject in their working the basic principle that the free and creative enfoldment of every man, woman and child is the true measure of the worth of any society. Such enfoldment requires understanding and imagination, integrity and compassion, cooperation among people and harmony between the human species and the rest of nature. Acquisitiveness and the pursuit of power have made the modern man an aggressor against everything that is non-human, an exploiter, and oppressor of those who are poor, meek, and unorganized, a pathological type which hates and distrusts the world and suffers from both acute loneliness and false pride. The need for a new renaissance is deeply felt by those sensitive and conscientious men and women who not only perceive the dimensions of the crisis of our age but who also realize that only through conscious and cooperative human effort may this crisis be met and probably even overcome.
Q: According to the passage, why has modern man turned out as an enemy of everything that is non-human?
 He hates and distrusts other human beings Non-human have refused cooperation to human beings He has been dominated by drives of acquisitiveness and power He consciously practices spirit of cooperation
44 Power and possession have been central pursuits of modem civilization for a long time. They blocked out or distorted other features of the western renaissance (revival) which promised so much for humanity. What people have been and are still being taught to prize is money, success, and control over the lives of others, acquisition of more and more objects. Modern social, political, and economic systems, whether capitalist, fascist or communist, reject in their working the basic principle that the free and creative enfoldment of every man, woman and child is the true measure of the worth of any society. Such enfoldment requires understanding and imagination, integrity and compassion, cooperation among people and harmony between the human species and the rest of nature. Acquisitiveness and the pursuit of power have made the modern man an aggressor against everything that is non-human, an exploiter, and oppressor of those who are poor, meek, and unorganized, a pathological type which hates and distrusts the world and suffers from both acute loneliness and false pride. The need for a new renaissance is deeply felt by those sensitive and conscientious men and women who not only perceive the dimensions of the crisis of our age but who also realize that only through conscious and cooperative human effort may this crisis be met and probably even overcome.
Q:Which of the following best describes the behavior of modern man?
 Imaginative and sympathetic Cruel and greed Conscientious and cooperative Perceptive and creative
45 Power and possession have been central pursuits of modem civilization for a long time. They blocked out or distorted other features of the western renaissance (revival) which promised so much for humanity. What people have been and are still being taught to prize is money, success, and control over the lives of others, acquisition of more and more objects. Modern social, political, and economic systems, whether capitalist, fascist or communist, reject in their working the basic principle that the free and creative enfoldment of every man, woman and child is the true measure of the worth of any society. Such enfoldment requires understanding and imagination, integrity and compassion, cooperation among people and harmony between the human species and the rest of nature. Acquisitiveness and the pursuit of power have made the modern man an aggressor against everything that is non-human, an exploiter, and oppressor of those who are poor, meek, and unorganized, a pathological type which hates and distrusts the world and suffers from both acute loneliness and false pride. The need for a new renaissance is deeply felt by those sensitive and conscientious men and women who not only perceive the dimensions of the crisis of our age but who also realize that only through conscious and cooperative human effort may this crisis be met and probably even overcome.
Q:The author appears to be advocating which of the following approaches to be adopted by the society?
 Capitalistic Communist Humanistic Authoritarian
46
The past decade has upset many preconceptions above development and this, more than anything else, makes it difficult to be overly definite about what the next decade has in store. However, there are a few things that one can assert with some confidence. First, education, health, and productive employment are crucial both for growth and for equity. We have tended to assume that all of these are the consequences of rapid economic growth and that only growth can generate the resources required for these purposes. However, increasingly, it appears that these are better seen as the causes rather than as consequences of development. Virtually every case of successful development involves a prior improvement in literacy, technical skills, health status, and access to productive work. Second, technological competence is the most important resource endowment and it explains a tar larger proportion of growth in output and trade than more conventional factors like natural resources or capital accumulation. The competence required is not just in research. In fact technological dynamism in the factory and the farm is more important than the presence of large research establishment. Third, the environmental imperative can no longer be ignored. Today, as an international issue, it is second only to disarmament. Nationally, the developmental consequences of environmental neglect are increasingly obvious. In the Pakistani context, there are at least two further factors, which reinforce the above propositions. The first is population growth. Given the pace of expansion of the population and the work force, human resource development acquires an added urgency. Population growth is also one, but not necessarily the most important factor, which underlines environmental stress in rural and urban areas. The second factor is that as a large country we cannot carve out an independent positioning the global system without building up a substantial capacity for self-reliant growth. The acquisition of technical competence is crucial for this purpose. Until now, we have tended to treat human resource development, technology issues and environment as subsidiary to the main task of planning. The thrust has been on: quantitative expansion of infrastructure and production with a focus on production targets like tones of steel, kWh of electricity etc., capacity targets like road length, rail kilometer age; and coverage targets like number of
schools and students, number of villages electrified etcetera, catching up with known technologies -Fuller use of natural resources -Maximum mobilization of financial resources.
Q: What seems to be the approach of the author regarding present status of research?
A - He desires that more research establishments should come up.
B - Application of new technologies in factories and field is more vital than setting up of research laboratories.
 Only A Only B Neither A nor B Both A and B
47
The past decade has upset many preconceptions above development and this, more than anything else, makes it difficult to be overly definite about what the next decade has in store. However, there are a few things that one can assert with some confidence. First, education, health, and productive employment are crucial both for growth and for equity. We have tended to assume that all of these are the consequences of rapid economic growth and that only growth can generate the resources required for these purposes. However, increasingly, it appears that these are better seen as the causes rather than as consequences of development. Virtually every case of successful development involves a prior improvement in literacy, technical skills, health status, and access to productive work. Second, technological competence is the most important resource endowment and it explains a tar larger proportion of growth in output and trade than more conventional factors like natural resources or capital accumulation. The competence required is not just in research. In fact technological dynamism in the factory and the farm is more important than the presence of large research establishment. Third, the environmental imperative can no longer be ignored. Today, as an international issue, it is second only to disarmament. Nationally, the developmental consequences of environmental neglect are increasingly obvious. In the Pakistani context, there are at least two further factors, which reinforce the above propositions. The first is population growth. Given the pace of expansion of the population and the work force, human resource development acquires an added urgency. Population growth is also one, but not necessarily the most important factor, which underlines environmental stress in rural and urban areas. The second factor is that as a large country we cannot carve out an independent positioning the global system without building up a substantial capacity for self-reliant growth. The acquisition of technical competence is crucial for this purpose. Until now, we have tended to treat human resource development, technology issues and environment as subsidiary to the main task of planning. The thrust has been on: quantitative expansion of infrastructure and production with a focus on production targets like tones of steel, kWh of electricity etc., capacity targets like road length, rail kilometer age; and coverage targets like number of
schools and students, number of villages electrified etcetera, catching up with known technologies -Fuller use of natural resources -Maximum mobilization of financial resources.
Q:According to the author, which of the following cannot be viewed as cause of development?
 Betterment in population growth increase in underemployment Speedy economic growth Enhancement in technical skills
48
The past decade has upset many preconceptions above development and this, more than anything else, makes it difficult to be overly definite about what the next decade has in store. However, there are a few things that one can assert with some confidence. First, education, health, and productive employment are crucial both for growth and for equity. We have tended to assume that all of these are the consequences of rapid economic growth and that only growth can generate the resources required for these purposes. However, increasingly, it appears that these are better seen as the causes rather than as consequences of development. Virtually every case of successful development involves a prior improvement in literacy, technical skills, health status, and access to productive work. Second, technological competence is the most important resource endowment and it explains a tar larger proportion of growth in output and trade than more conventional factors like natural resources or capital accumulation. The competence required is not just in research. In fact technological dynamism in the factory and the farm is more important than the presence of large research establishment. Third, the environmental imperative can no longer be ignored. Today, as an international issue, it is second only to disarmament. Nationally, the developmental consequences of environmental neglect are increasingly obvious. In the Pakistani context, there are at least two further factors, which reinforce the above propositions. The first is population growth. Given the pace of expansion of the population and the work force, human resource development acquires an added urgency. Population growth is also one, but not necessarily the most important factor, which underlines environmental stress in rural and urban areas. The second factor is that as a large country we cannot carve out an independent positioning the global system without building up a substantial capacity for self-reliant growth. The acquisition of technical competence is crucial for this purpose. Until now, we have tended to treat human resource development, technology issues and environment as subsidiary to the main task of planning. The thrust has been on: quantitative expansion of infrastructure and production with a focus on production targets like tones of steel, kWh of electricity etc., capacity targets like road length, rail kilometer age; and coverage targets like number of
schools and students, number of villages electrified etcetera, catching up with known technologies -Fuller use of natural resources -Maximum mobilization of financial resources.
Q:Which of the following statements is not true in the context of the passage?
 Optimum self reliance is the need of the day We will have bright future by only catching up known technologies We have to now emphasize aspects of human resource development Technological competence has to be given due priority over more conventional factors
49 The past decade has upset many preconceptions above development and this, more than anything else, makes it difficult to be overly definite about what the next decade has in store. However, there are a few things that one can assert with some confidence. First, education, health, and productive employment are crucial both for growth and for equity. We have tended to assume that all of these are the consequences of rapid economic growth and that only growth can generate the resources required for these purposes. However, increasingly, it appears that these are better seen as the causes rather than as consequences of development. Virtually every case of successful development involves a prior improvement in literacy, technical skills, health status, and access to productive work. Second, technological competence is the most important resource endowment and it explains a tar larger proportion of growth in output and trade than more conventional factors like natural resources or capital accumulation. The competence required is not just in research. In fact technological dynamism in the factory and the farm is more important than the presence of large research establishment. Third, the environmental imperative can no longer be ignored. Today, as an international issue, it is second only to disarmament. Nationally, the developmental consequences of environmental neglect are increasingly obvious. In the Pakistani context, there are at least two further factors, which reinforce the above propositions. The first is population growth. Given the pace of expansion of the population and the work force, human resource development acquires an added urgency. Population growth is also one, but not necessarily the most important factor, which underlines environmental stress in rural and urban areas. The second factor is that as a large country we cannot carve out an independent positioning the global system without building up a substantial capacity for self-reliant growth. The acquisition of technical competence is crucial for this purpose. Until now, we have tended to treat human resource development, technology issues and environment as subsidiary to the main task of planning. The thrust has been on: quantitative expansion of infrastructure and production with a focus on production targets like tones of steel, kWh of electricity etc., capacity targets like road length, rail kilometer age; and coverage targets like number ofschools and students, number of villages electrified etcetera, catching up with known technologies -Fuller use of natural resources -Maximum mobilization of financial resources.Q:According to the author, at the national level, with passage of time the effects of which of the following are being felt? Expansion of work force of high quality Lack of attention and action for protecting environmental wealth Reduction in growth rate of population Progressive degradation of technological competence in urban areas
50
The past decade has upset many preconceptions above development and this, more than anything else, makes it difficult to be overly definite about what the next decade has in store. However, there are a few things that one can assert with some confidence. First, education, health, and productive employment are crucial both for growth and for equity. We have tended to assume that all of these are the consequences of rapid economic growth and that only growth can generate the resources required for these purposes. However, increasingly, it appears that these are better seen as the causes rather than as consequences of development. Virtually every case of successful development involves a prior improvement in literacy, technical skills, health status, and access to productive work. Second, technological competence is the most important resource endowment and it explains a tar larger proportion of growth in output and trade than more conventional factors like natural resources or capital accumulation. The competence required is not just in research. In fact technological dynamism in the factory and the farm is more important than the presence of large research establishment. Third, the environmental imperative can no longer be ignored. Today, as an international issue, it is second only to disarmament. Nationally, the developmental consequences of environmental neglect are increasingly obvious. In the Pakistani context, there are at least two further factors, which reinforce the above propositions. The first is population growth. Given the pace of expansion of the population and the work force, human resource development acquires an added urgency. Population growth is also one, but not necessarily the most important factor, which underlines environmental stress in rural and urban areas. The second factor is that as a large country we cannot carve out an independent positioning the global system without building up a substantial capacity for self-reliant growth. The acquisition of technical competence is crucial for this purpose. Until now, we have tended to treat human resource development, technology issues and environment as subsidiary to the main task of planning. The thrust has been on: quantitative expansion of infrastructure and production with a focus on production targets like tones of steel, kWh of electricity etc., capacity targets like road length, rail kilometer age; and coverage targets like number of
schools and students, number of villages electrified etcetera, catching up with known technologies -Fuller use of natural resources -Maximum mobilization of financial resources.
Q:According to the author, which of the following is a less important factor resulting in environmental stress in rural and urban areas?
 Increase in capital accumulation Rapid economic growth Rate of growth of population Availability of productive employment
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