Educational planning should aim at meeting the educational needs\r\nof the entire population of all age group. While the traditional structure of\r\neducation as a three layer hierarchy from the primary stage to the university\r\nrepresents the core, we should not overlook the periphery which is equally\r\nimportant. Under modern conditions, workers need to rewind, or renew their\r\nenthusiasm, or strike out in a new direction, or improve their skills as much\r\nas any university professor. The retired and the age have their needs as well.\r\nEducational planning, in their words, should take care of the needs of\r\neveryone.
Our structures of education have been built up on the\r\nassumption that there is a terminal point to education. This basic defect has\r\nbecome all the more harmful today. A UNESCO report entitled ‘learning to Be’\r\nprepared by Edgar Faure and others in 1973 asserts that the education of\r\nchildren must prepare the future adult for various forms of self – learning. A\r\nviable education system of the future should consist of modules with different\r\nkinds of functions serving a diversity of constituents. And performance, not\r\nthe period of study, should be the basis for credentials. The writing is\r\nalready on the wall.
In view of the fact that the significance of a commitment of\r\nlifelong learning and lifetime education is being discussed only in recent years\r\neven in educationally advanced countries, the possibility of the idea becoming\r\nan integral part of educational thinking seems to be a far cry. For, to move in\r\nthat direction means such more than some simple rearrangement of the present\r\norganization of education. But a good beginning can be made by developing Open\r\nUniversity programs for older learners of different categories and introducing\r\nextension services in the conventional colleges and schools. Also these\r\ninstitutions should learn to cooperate with the numerous community\r\norganizations such as libraries. Museums, municipal recreational programs,\r\nhealth services etc.
According to the passage,\r\nthe present education structures assume which of the following?
Educational planning should aim at meeting the educational needs\r\nof the entire population of all age group. While the traditional structure of\r\neducation as a three layer hierarchy from the primary stage to the university\r\nrepresents the core, we should not overlook the periphery which is equally\r\nimportant. Under modern conditions, workers need to rewind, or renew their\r\nenthusiasm, or strike out in a new direction, or improve their skills as much\r\nas any university professor. The retired and the age have their needs as well.\r\nEducational planning, in their words, should take care of the needs of\r\neveryone.
Our structures of education have been built up on the\r\nassumption that there is a terminal point to education. This basic defect has\r\nbecome all the more harmful today. A UNESCO report entitled ‘learning to Be’\r\nprepared by Edgar Faure and others in 1973 asserts that the education of\r\nchildren must prepare the future adult for various forms of self – learning. A\r\nviable education system of the future should consist of modules with different\r\nkinds of functions serving a diversity of constituents. And performance, not\r\nthe period of study, should be the basis for credentials. The writing is\r\nalready on the wall.
In view of the fact that the significance of a commitment of\r\nlifelong learning and lifetime education is being discussed only in recent years\r\neven in educationally advanced countries, the possibility of the idea becoming\r\nan integral part of educational thinking seems to be a far cry. For, to move in\r\nthat direction means such more than some simple rearrangement of the present\r\norganization of education. But a good beginning can be made by developing Open\r\nUniversity programs for older learners of different categories and introducing\r\nextension services in the conventional colleges and schools. Also these\r\ninstitutions should learn to cooperate with the numerous community\r\norganizations such as libraries. Museums, municipal recreational programs,\r\nhealth services etc.
Which of the following best describes the purpose of the\r\nauthor?
Educational planning should aim at meeting the educational needs\r\nof the entire population of all age group. While the traditional structure of\r\neducation as a three layer hierarchy from the primary stage to the university\r\nrepresents the core, we should not overlook the periphery which is equally\r\nimportant. Under modern conditions, workers need to rewind, or renew their\r\nenthusiasm, or strike out in a new direction, or improve their skills as much\r\nas any university professor. The retired and the age have their needs as well.\r\nEducational planning, in their words, should take care of the needs of\r\neveryone.
Our structures of education have been built up on the\r\nassumption that there is a terminal point to education. This basic defect has\r\nbecome all the more harmful today. A UNESCO report entitled ‘learning to Be’\r\nprepared by Edgar Faure and others in 1973 asserts that the education of\r\nchildren must prepare the future adult for various forms of self – learning. A\r\nviable education system of the future should consist of modules with different\r\nkinds of functions serving a diversity of constituents. And performance, not\r\nthe period of study, should be the basis for credentials. The writing is\r\nalready on the wall.
In view of the fact that the significance of a commitment of\r\nlifelong learning and lifetime education is being discussed only in recent years\r\neven in educationally advanced countries, the possibility of the idea becoming\r\nan integral part of educational thinking seems to be a far cry. For, to move in\r\nthat direction means such more than some simple rearrangement of the present\r\norganization of education. But a good beginning can be made by developing Open\r\nUniversity programs for older learners of different categories and introducing\r\nextension services in the conventional colleges and schools. Also these\r\ninstitutions should learn to cooperate with the numerous community\r\norganizations such as libraries. Museums, municipal recreational programs,\r\nhealth services etc.
What is the main thrust of the author?
Democratic societies from the earliest times have expected\r\ntheir governments to protect the weak against the strong. No ‘era of good\r\nfeeling’ can justify discharging the police force or giving up the idea of\r\npublic control over concentrated private wealth. On the other hand, it is\r\nobvious that a spirit of self – denial and moderation on the part of those who\r\nhold economic power will greatly soften the demand for absolute equality. Men\r\nare more interested in freedom and security than in an equal distribution of\r\nwealth. The extent to which Government must interfere with business, therefore,\r\nis not exactly measured by the extent to which economic power is concentrated\r\ninto a few hands. The required degree of government interference depends mainly\r\non whether economic powers are oppressively used, and on the necessity of\r\nkeeping economic factors in a tolerable state of balance.
However, with the necessity of meeting all these dangers and\r\nthreats to liberty, the powers of government are unavoidably increased,\r\nwhichever political party may be in office. The growth of government is a\r\nnecessary result of the growth of technology and of the problems that go with\r\nthe use of machines and science. Since the government in our nation, must take\r\non more powers to meet its problems, there is no way to preserve freedom except\r\nby making democracy more powerful.
‘Era of good feeling’ in the paragraph refer to
Democratic societies from the earliest times have expected\r\ntheir governments to protect the weak against the strong. No ‘era of good\r\nfeeling’ can justify discharging the police force or giving up the idea of\r\npublic control over concentrated private wealth. On the other hand, it is\r\nobvious that a spirit of self – denial and moderation on the part of those who\r\nhold economic power will greatly soften the demand for absolute equality. Men\r\nare more interested in freedom and security than in an equal distribution of\r\nwealth. The extent to which Government must interfere with business, therefore,\r\nis not exactly measured by the extent to which economic power is concentrated\r\ninto a few hands. The required degree of government interference depends mainly\r\non whether economic powers are oppressively used, and on the necessity of\r\nkeeping economic factors in a tolerable state of balance.
However, with the necessity of meeting all these dangers and\r\nthreats to liberty, the powers of government are unavoidably increased,\r\nwhichever political party may be in office. The growth of government is a\r\nnecessary result of the growth of technology and of the problems that go with\r\nthe use of machines and science. Since the government in our nation, must take\r\non more powers to meet its problems, there is no way to preserve freedom except\r\nby making democracy more powerful.
The growth of government is necessitated to
Democratic societies from the earliest times have expected\r\ntheir governments to protect the weak against the strong. No ‘era of good\r\nfeeling’ can justify discharging the police force or giving up the idea of\r\npublic control over concentrated private wealth. On the other hand, it is\r\nobvious that a spirit of self – denial and moderation on the part of those who\r\nhold economic power will greatly soften the demand for absolute equality. Men\r\nare more interested in freedom and security than in an equal distribution of\r\nwealth. The extent to which Government must interfere with business, therefore,\r\nis not exactly measured by the extent to which economic power is concentrated\r\ninto a few hands. The required degree of government interference depends mainly\r\non whether economic powers are oppressively used, and on the necessity of\r\nkeeping economic factors in a tolerable state of balance.
However, with the necessity of meeting all these dangers and\r\nthreats to liberty, the powers of government are unavoidably increased,\r\nwhichever political party may be in office. The growth of government is a\r\nnecessary result of the growth of technology and of the problems that go with\r\nthe use of machines and science. Since the government in our nation, must take\r\non more powers to meet its problems, there is no way to preserve freedom except\r\nby making democracy more powerful.
A spirit of moderation on the economically sound people\r\nwould make the less privileged
Democratic societies from the earliest times have expected\r\ntheir governments to protect the weak against the strong. No ‘era of good\r\nfeeling’ can justify discharging the police force or giving up the idea of\r\npublic control over concentrated private wealth. On the other hand, it is\r\nobvious that a spirit of self – denial and moderation on the part of those who\r\nhold economic power will greatly soften the demand for absolute equality. Men\r\nare more interested in freedom and security than in an equal distribution of\r\nwealth. The extent to which Government must interfere with business, therefore,\r\nis not exactly measured by the extent to which economic power is concentrated\r\ninto a few hands. The required degree of government interference depends mainly\r\non whether economic powers are oppressively used, and on the necessity of\r\nkeeping economic factors in a tolerable state of balance.
However, with the necessity of meeting all these dangers and\r\nthreats to liberty, the powers of government are unavoidably increased,\r\nwhichever political party may be in office. The growth of government is a\r\nnecessary result of the growth of technology and of the problems that go with\r\nthe use of machines and science. Since the government in our nation, must take\r\non more powers to meet its problems, there is no way to preserve freedom except\r\nby making democracy more powerful.
The advent of science and technology has increase the
The public distribution system, which provides food at low\r\nprices, is a subject of vital concern. There is a growing realization that\r\nthought Pakistan has enough food to feed its masses three square meals a day,\r\nthe monster of starvation and food insecurity continues to haunt the poor in\r\nour country.
Increasing the purchasing power of the poor through\r\nproviding productive employment leading to rising income, and thus good standard\r\nof living is the ultimate objective of public policy. However, till then, there\r\nis a need to provide assured supply of food through a restructured more\r\nefficient and decentralized public distribution system (PDS).
Although the PDS is extensive – it is one of the largest\r\nsuch systems in the world – it has yet to reach the rural poor and the far off\r\nplaces. It remains an urban phenomenon, with the majority of the rural poor\r\nstill out of its reach due to lack of economic and physical access. The poorest\r\nin the cities and the migrants are left out, for they generally do not possess\r\nration cards. The allocation of PDS supplies in big cities is larger than in\r\nrural areas. In view of such deficiencies in the system, the PDS urgently needs\r\nto be streamlined. In addition, considering the large food grains production\r\ncombined with food subsidy on one hand and the continuing slow starvation and dismal\r\npoverty of the rural population on the other, there is a strong case for making\r\nPDS target group oriented.
The growing salaried class is provided job security, regular\r\nincome, and percent insulation against inflation. These gains of development\r\nhave not percolated down to the vast majority of our working population. If one\r\ncompares only dearness allowance to the employees in public and private sector\r\nand looks at its growth in the past few years, the rising food subsidy is\r\ninsignificant to the point of inequity. The food subsidy is a kind of D.A. to\r\nthe poor, the self-employed and those in the unorganized sector of the economy.\r\nHowever, what is most unfortunate is that out of the large budget of the so –\r\ncalled food subsidy, the major part of it is administrative cost and wastages.\r\nA small portion of the above budget goes to the real consumer and an even\r\nlesser portion to the poor who are in real need.
It is true that subsidies should not become a permanent feature\r\nexcept for the destitute, disabled widows and the old. It is also true that\r\nsubsidies often create a psychology of dependence and hence is habit – forming,\r\nkilling the general initiative of the people. By making PDS target group\r\noriented, not only the poorest and neediest would be reached without additional\r\ncost, but it will actually cut overall costs incurred on large cities and for\r\nbetter off localities. When the food and food subsidy are limited the rural and\r\nurban poor should have the priority in the PDS supplies. The PDS should be\r\nclosely linked with programs of employment generation and nutrition\r\nimprovement.
What, according the\r\npassage, would be the outcome of making the PDS target group oriented?
The public distribution system, which provides food at low\r\nprices, is a subject of vital concern. There is a growing realization that\r\nthought Pakistan has enough food to feed its masses three square meals a day,\r\nthe monster of starvation and food insecurity continues to haunt the poor in\r\nour country.
Increasing the purchasing power of the poor through\r\nproviding productive employment leading to rising income, and thus good standard\r\nof living is the ultimate objective of public policy. However, till then, there\r\nis a need to provide assured supply of food through a restructured more\r\nefficient and decentralized public distribution system (PDS).
Although the PDS is extensive – it is one of the largest\r\nsuch systems in the world – it has yet to reach the rural poor and the far off\r\nplaces. It remains an urban phenomenon, with the majority of the rural poor\r\nstill out of its reach due to lack of economic and physical access. The poorest\r\nin the cities and the migrants are left out, for they generally do not possess\r\nration cards. The allocation of PDS supplies in big cities is larger than in\r\nrural areas. In view of such deficiencies in the system, the PDS urgently needs\r\nto be streamlined. In addition, considering the large food grains production\r\ncombined with food subsidy on one hand and the continuing slow starvation and dismal\r\npoverty of the rural population on the other, there is a strong case for making\r\nPDS target group oriented.
The growing salaried class is provided job security, regular\r\nincome, and percent insulation against inflation. These gains of development\r\nhave not percolated down to the vast majority of our working population. If one\r\ncompares only dearness allowance to the employees in public and private sector\r\nand looks at its growth in the past few years, the rising food subsidy is\r\ninsignificant to the point of inequity. The food subsidy is a kind of D.A. to\r\nthe poor, the self-employed and those in the unorganized sector of the economy.\r\nHowever, what is most unfortunate is that out of the large budget of the so –\r\ncalled food subsidy, the major part of it is administrative cost and wastages.\r\nA small portion of the above budget goes to the real consumer and an even\r\nlesser portion to the poor who are in real need.
It is true that subsidies should not become a permanent feature\r\nexcept for the destitute, disabled widows and the old. It is also true that\r\nsubsidies often create a psychology of dependence and hence is habit – forming,\r\nkilling the general initiative of the people. By making PDS target group\r\noriented, not only the poorest and neediest would be reached without additional\r\ncost, but it will actually cut overall costs incurred on large cities and for\r\nbetter off localities. When the food and food subsidy are limited the rural and\r\nurban poor should have the priority in the PDS supplies. The PDS should be\r\nclosely linked with programs of employment generation and nutrition\r\nimprovement.
Food subsidy leads to\r\nwhich of the following