First introduced in 1927, The Hardy\r\nBoys Mystery Stories are a series of books about the adventures of brothers\r\nFrank and Joe Hardy, teenaged detectives who solve one baffling mystery after\r\nanother. The Hardy Boys were so popular among young boys that in 1930 a similar\r\nseries was created for girls featuring a sixteen-year-old detective named Nancy\r\nDrew. The cover of each volume of The Hardy Boys states that he author of the\r\nseries is Franklin W. Dixon; the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories are supposedly\r\nwritten by Carolyn Keene. Over the years, though, many fans of both series have\r\nbeen surprised to find out that Franklin W. Dixon and Carolyn Keene are not\r\nreal people. If Franklin W. Dixon and Carolyn Keene never existed, then who\r\nwrote The Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew mysteries?
The Hardy Boys and the Nancy Drew\r\nbooks were written through a process called ghostwriting. A ghostwriter writes\r\na book according to a specific formula. While ghostwriters are paid for writing\r\nthe books, their authorship is not acknowledged, and their names do not appear\r\non the published books. Ghostwriters can write books for children or adults,\r\nthe content of which is unspecific. Sometimes they work on book series with a\r\nlot of individual titles, such as The Hardy Boys and the Nancy Drew series.
The initial idea for both The Hardy\r\nBoys and the Nancy Drew series was developed by a man named Edward Stratemeyer,\r\nwho owned a publishing company that specialized in children’s book.
Stratemeyer noticed the increasing\r\npopularity of mysteries among adult, and surmised that children would enjoy\r\nreading mysteries about younger detectives with whom they could identify.\r\nStratemeyer first developed each book with an outline describing the plot and\r\nsetting. Once he completed the outline, Stratemeyer then hired a ghostwriter to\r\nconvert it into a book of slightly over 200 pages. After the ghostwriter had\r\nwritten a draft of a book, he or she would send it back to Stratemeyer, who\r\nwould make a list of corrections and mail it back to the ghostwriter. The\r\nghostwriter would revise the book according to Stratemeyer’s instructions and\r\nthen return it to him. Once Stratemeyer approved the book, it was ready for\r\npublication.
Because each series ran for so many\r\nyears, Nancy Drew and The Hardy Boys both had a number of different\r\nghostwriters producing books; however, the first ghostwrites for each series proved\r\nto be the most influential. The initial ghostwriter for The Hardy Boys was a\r\nCanadian journalist named Leslie McFarlane. A few years later, Mildred A. Wirt,\r\na young writer from lowa, began writing the Nancy Drew books. Although they\r\nwere using prepared outlines as guides, both McFarlane and Wirt developed the\r\ncharacters themselves. The personalities of Frank and Joe Hardy and Nancy arose\r\ndirectly from McFarlane’s and wirt’s imaginations. For example, Mildred Wirt\r\nhad been a star college athelete and gave Nancy similar athletic abilities. The\r\nghostwriters were also responsible for numerous plot and setting details.\r\nLeslie McFarlane used elements of his small C fictional hometown.
Although The Hardy Boys and Nancy\r\nDrew books were very popular with children, not everyone approved of them.\r\nCritics thought their plots were unrealistic and even far-fetched, since most\r\nteenagers did not experience the adventures Frank and Joe Hardy or Nancy Drew\r\ndid. The way the books were written also attracted criticism. Many teachers and\r\nlibrarians objected to the ghostwriting process, claiming it was designed to\r\nproduce books quickly rather than create quality literature. Some libraries –\r\nincluding the New York Public Library – even refused to include the books in\r\ntheir children’s collections. Ironically, this decision actually helped sales\r\nof his books, because children simply purchased them when they were unavailable\r\nin local libraries.
Regardless of the debates about\r\ntheir literary merit, each series of books has exerted an undeniable influence\r\non American and even global culture. Most Americans have never heard of Edward\r\nStratemeyer, Leslie McFarlane, or Mildred wirt, but people throughout the world\r\nare familiar with Nancy Drew and Frank and Joe Hardy.
Which of the following best\r\ndescribes the author’s attitude towards The Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew book\r\nseries?
First introduced in 1927, The Hardy\r\nBoys Mystery Stories are a series of books about the adventures of brothers\r\nFrank and Joe Hardy, teenaged detectives who solve one baffling mystery after\r\nanother. The Hardy Boys were so popular among young boys that in 1930 a similar\r\nseries was created for girls featuring a sixteen-year-old detective named Nancy\r\nDrew. The cover of each volume of The Hardy Boys states that he author of the\r\nseries is Franklin W. Dixon; the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories are supposedly\r\nwritten by Carolyn Keene. Over the years, though, many fans of both series have\r\nbeen surprised to find out that Franklin W. Dixon and Carolyn Keene are not\r\nreal people. If Franklin W. Dixon and Carolyn Keene never existed, then who\r\nwrote The Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew mysteries?
The Hardy Boys and the Nancy Drew\r\nbooks were written through a process called ghostwriting. A ghostwriter writes\r\na book according to a specific formula. While ghostwriters are paid for writing\r\nthe books, their authorship is not acknowledged, and their names do not appear\r\non the published books. Ghostwriters can write books for children or adults,\r\nthe content of which is unspecific. Sometimes they work on book series with a\r\nlot of individual titles, such as The Hardy Boys and the Nancy Drew series.
The initial idea for both The Hardy\r\nBoys and the Nancy Drew series was developed by a man named Edward Stratemeyer,\r\nwho owned a publishing company that specialized in children’s book.
Stratemeyer noticed the increasing\r\npopularity of mysteries among adult, and surmised that children would enjoy\r\nreading mysteries about younger detectives with whom they could identify.\r\nStratemeyer first developed each book with an outline describing the plot and\r\nsetting. Once he completed the outline, Stratemeyer then hired a ghostwriter to\r\nconvert it into a book of slightly over 200 pages. After the ghostwriter had\r\nwritten a draft of a book, he or she would send it back to Stratemeyer, who\r\nwould make a list of corrections and mail it back to the ghostwriter. The\r\nghostwriter would revise the book according to Stratemeyer’s instructions and\r\nthen return it to him. Once Stratemeyer approved the book, it was ready for\r\npublication.
Because each series ran for so many\r\nyears, Nancy Drew and The Hardy Boys both had a number of different\r\nghostwriters producing books; however, the first ghostwrites for each series proved\r\nto be the most influential. The initial ghostwriter for The Hardy Boys was a\r\nCanadian journalist named Leslie McFarlane. A few years later, Mildred A. Wirt,\r\na young writer from lowa, began writing the Nancy Drew books. Although they\r\nwere using prepared outlines as guides, both McFarlane and Wirt developed the\r\ncharacters themselves. The personalities of Frank and Joe Hardy and Nancy arose\r\ndirectly from McFarlane’s and wirt’s imaginations. For example, Mildred Wirt\r\nhad been a star college athelete and gave Nancy similar athletic abilities. The\r\nghostwriters were also responsible for numerous plot and setting details.\r\nLeslie McFarlane used elements of his small C fictional hometown.
Although The Hardy Boys and Nancy\r\nDrew books were very popular with children, not everyone approved of them.\r\nCritics thought their plots were unrealistic and even far-fetched, since most\r\nteenagers did not experience the adventures Frank and Joe Hardy or Nancy Drew\r\ndid. The way the books were written also attracted criticism. Many teachers and\r\nlibrarians objected to the ghostwriting process, claiming it was designed to\r\nproduce books quickly rather than create quality literature. Some libraries –\r\nincluding the New York Public Library – even refused to include the books in\r\ntheir children’s collections. Ironically, this decision actually helped sales\r\nof his books, because children simply purchased them when they were unavailable\r\nin local libraries.
Regardless of the debates about\r\ntheir literary merit, each series of books has exerted an undeniable influence\r\non American and even global culture. Most Americans have never heard of Edward\r\nStratemeyer, Leslie McFarlane, or Mildred wirt, but people throughout the world\r\nare familiar with Nancy Drew and Frank and Joe Hardy.
According to the passage, some\r\nteachers and librarians objected to ghostwritten books such as They Hardy Boys and\r\nNancy Drew Mystery Stories because they
First introduced in 1927, The Hardy\r\nBoys Mystery Stories are a series of books about the adventures of brothers\r\nFrank and Joe Hardy, teenaged detectives who solve one baffling mystery after\r\nanother. The Hardy Boys were so popular among young boys that in 1930 a similar\r\nseries was created for girls featuring a sixteen-year-old detective named Nancy\r\nDrew. The cover of each volume of The Hardy Boys states that he author of the\r\nseries is Franklin W. Dixon; the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories are supposedly\r\nwritten by Carolyn Keene. Over the years, though, many fans of both series have\r\nbeen surprised to find out that Franklin W. Dixon and Carolyn Keene are not\r\nreal people. If Franklin W. Dixon and Carolyn Keene never existed, then who\r\nwrote The Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew mysteries?
The Hardy Boys and the Nancy Drew\r\nbooks were written through a process called ghostwriting. A ghostwriter writes\r\na book according to a specific formula. While ghostwriters are paid for writing\r\nthe books, their authorship is not acknowledged, and their names do not appear\r\non the published books. Ghostwriters can write books for children or adults,\r\nthe content of which is unspecific. Sometimes they work on book series with a\r\nlot of individual titles, such as The Hardy Boys and the Nancy Drew series.
The initial idea for both The Hardy\r\nBoys and the Nancy Drew series was developed by a man named Edward Stratemeyer,\r\nwho owned a publishing company that specialized in children’s book.
Stratemeyer noticed the increasing\r\npopularity of mysteries among adult, and surmised that children would enjoy\r\nreading mysteries about younger detectives with whom they could identify.\r\nStratemeyer first developed each book with an outline describing the plot and\r\nsetting. Once he completed the outline, Stratemeyer then hired a ghostwriter to\r\nconvert it into a book of slightly over 200 pages. After the ghostwriter had\r\nwritten a draft of a book, he or she would send it back to Stratemeyer, who\r\nwould make a list of corrections and mail it back to the ghostwriter. The\r\nghostwriter would revise the book according to Stratemeyer’s instructions and\r\nthen return it to him. Once Stratemeyer approved the book, it was ready for\r\npublication.
Because each series ran for so many\r\nyears, Nancy Drew and The Hardy Boys both had a number of different\r\nghostwriters producing books; however, the first ghostwrites for each series proved\r\nto be the most influential. The initial ghostwriter for The Hardy Boys was a\r\nCanadian journalist named Leslie McFarlane. A few years later, Mildred A. Wirt,\r\na young writer from lowa, began writing the Nancy Drew books. Although they\r\nwere using prepared outlines as guides, both McFarlane and Wirt developed the\r\ncharacters themselves. The personalities of Frank and Joe Hardy and Nancy arose\r\ndirectly from McFarlane’s and wirt’s imaginations. For example, Mildred Wirt\r\nhad been a star college athelete and gave Nancy similar athletic abilities. The\r\nghostwriters were also responsible for numerous plot and setting details.\r\nLeslie McFarlane used elements of his small C fictional hometown.
Although The Hardy Boys and Nancy\r\nDrew books were very popular with children, not everyone approved of them.\r\nCritics thought their plots were unrealistic and even far-fetched, since most\r\nteenagers did not experience the adventures Frank and Joe Hardy or Nancy Drew\r\ndid. The way the books were written also attracted criticism. Many teachers and\r\nlibrarians objected to the ghostwriting process, claiming it was designed to\r\nproduce books quickly rather than create quality literature. Some libraries –\r\nincluding the New York Public Library – even refused to include the books in\r\ntheir children’s collections. Ironically, this decision actually helped sales\r\nof his books, because children simply purchased them when they were unavailable\r\nin local libraries.
Regardless of the debates about\r\ntheir literary merit, each series of books has exerted an undeniable influence\r\non American and even global culture. Most Americans have never heard of Edward\r\nStratemeyer, Leslie McFarlane, or Mildred wirt, but people throughout the world\r\nare familiar with Nancy Drew and Frank and Joe Hardy.
Based on information in the passage,\r\nit can be inferred that Leslie McFarlane and Mildred Wirt
First introduced in 1927, The Hardy\r\nBoys Mystery Stories are a series of books about the adventures of brothers\r\nFrank and Joe Hardy, teenaged detectives who solve one baffling mystery after\r\nanother. The Hardy Boys were so popular among young boys that in 1930 a similar\r\nseries was created for girls featuring a sixteen-year-old detective named Nancy\r\nDrew. The cover of each volume of The Hardy Boys states that he author of the\r\nseries is Franklin W. Dixon; the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories are supposedly\r\nwritten by Carolyn Keene. Over the years, though, many fans of both series have\r\nbeen surprised to find out that Franklin W. Dixon and Carolyn Keene are not\r\nreal people. If Franklin W. Dixon and Carolyn Keene never existed, then who\r\nwrote The Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew mysteries?
The Hardy Boys and the Nancy Drew\r\nbooks were written through a process called ghostwriting. A ghostwriter writes\r\na book according to a specific formula. While ghostwriters are paid for writing\r\nthe books, their authorship is not acknowledged, and their names do not appear\r\non the published books. Ghostwriters can write books for children or adults,\r\nthe content of which is unspecific. Sometimes they work on book series with a\r\nlot of individual titles, such as The Hardy Boys and the Nancy Drew series.
The initial idea for both The Hardy\r\nBoys and the Nancy Drew series was developed by a man named Edward Stratemeyer,\r\nwho owned a publishing company that specialized in children’s book.
Stratemeyer noticed the increasing\r\npopularity of mysteries among adult, and surmised that children would enjoy\r\nreading mysteries about younger detectives with whom they could identify.\r\nStratemeyer first developed each book with an outline describing the plot and\r\nsetting. Once he completed the outline, Stratemeyer then hired a ghostwriter to\r\nconvert it into a book of slightly over 200 pages. After the ghostwriter had\r\nwritten a draft of a book, he or she would send it back to Stratemeyer, who\r\nwould make a list of corrections and mail it back to the ghostwriter. The\r\nghostwriter would revise the book according to Stratemeyer’s instructions and\r\nthen return it to him. Once Stratemeyer approved the book, it was ready for\r\npublication.
Because each series ran for so many\r\nyears, Nancy Drew and The Hardy Boys both had a number of different\r\nghostwriters producing books; however, the first ghostwrites for each series proved\r\nto be the most influential. The initial ghostwriter for The Hardy Boys was a\r\nCanadian journalist named Leslie McFarlane. A few years later, Mildred A. Wirt,\r\na young writer from lowa, began writing the Nancy Drew books. Although they\r\nwere using prepared outlines as guides, both McFarlane and Wirt developed the\r\ncharacters themselves. The personalities of Frank and Joe Hardy and Nancy arose\r\ndirectly from McFarlane’s and wirt’s imaginations. For example, Mildred Wirt\r\nhad been a star college athelete and gave Nancy similar athletic abilities. The\r\nghostwriters were also responsible for numerous plot and setting details.\r\nLeslie McFarlane used elements of his small C fictional hometown.
Although The Hardy Boys and Nancy\r\nDrew books were very popular with children, not everyone approved of them.\r\nCritics thought their plots were unrealistic and even far-fetched, since most\r\nteenagers did not experience the adventures Frank and Joe Hardy or Nancy Drew\r\ndid. The way the books were written also attracted criticism. Many teachers and\r\nlibrarians objected to the ghostwriting process, claiming it was designed to\r\nproduce books quickly rather than create quality literature. Some libraries –\r\nincluding the New York Public Library – even refused to include the books in\r\ntheir children’s collections. Ironically, this decision actually helped sales\r\nof his books, because children simply purchased them when they were unavailable\r\nin local libraries.
Regardless of the debates about\r\ntheir literary merit, each series of books has exerted an undeniable influence\r\non American and even global culture. Most Americans have never heard of Edward\r\nStratemeyer, Leslie McFarlane, or Mildred wirt, but people throughout the world\r\nare familiar with Nancy Drew and Frank and Joe Hardy.
According to the passage, The Hardy\r\nBoys and Nancy Drew books were created based on the idea that
I mystery books for adults are\r\npopular
II children enjoy reading about\r\ncharacters they can relate to
III girls and boys are not\r\ninterested in the same things
First introduced in 1927, The Hardy\r\nBoys Mystery Stories are a series of books about the adventures of brothers\r\nFrank and Joe Hardy, teenaged detectives who solve one baffling mystery after\r\nanother. The Hardy Boys were so popular among young boys that in 1930 a similar\r\nseries was created for girls featuring a sixteen-year-old detective named Nancy\r\nDrew. The cover of each volume of The Hardy Boys states that he author of the\r\nseries is Franklin W. Dixon; the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories are supposedly\r\nwritten by Carolyn Keene. Over the years, though, many fans of both series have\r\nbeen surprised to find out that Franklin W. Dixon and Carolyn Keene are not\r\nreal people. If Franklin W. Dixon and Carolyn Keene never existed, then who\r\nwrote The Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew mysteries?
The Hardy Boys and the Nancy Drew\r\nbooks were written through a process called ghostwriting. A ghostwriter writes\r\na book according to a specific formula. While ghostwriters are paid for writing\r\nthe books, their authorship is not acknowledged, and their names do not appear\r\non the published books. Ghostwriters can write books for children or adults,\r\nthe content of which is unspecific. Sometimes they work on book series with a\r\nlot of individual titles, such as The Hardy Boys and the Nancy Drew series.
The initial idea for both The Hardy\r\nBoys and the Nancy Drew series was developed by a man named Edward Stratemeyer,\r\nwho owned a publishing company that specialized in children’s book.
Stratemeyer noticed the increasing\r\npopularity of mysteries among adult, and surmised that children would enjoy\r\nreading mysteries about younger detectives with whom they could identify.\r\nStratemeyer first developed each book with an outline describing the plot and\r\nsetting. Once he completed the outline, Stratemeyer then hired a ghostwriter to\r\nconvert it into a book of slightly over 200 pages. After the ghostwriter had\r\nwritten a draft of a book, he or she would send it back to Stratemeyer, who\r\nwould make a list of corrections and mail it back to the ghostwriter. The\r\nghostwriter would revise the book according to Stratemeyer’s instructions and\r\nthen return it to him. Once Stratemeyer approved the book, it was ready for\r\npublication.
Because each series ran for so many\r\nyears, Nancy Drew and The Hardy Boys both had a number of different\r\nghostwriters producing books; however, the first ghostwrites for each series proved\r\nto be the most influential. The initial ghostwriter for The Hardy Boys was a\r\nCanadian journalist named Leslie McFarlane. A few years later, Mildred A. Wirt,\r\na young writer from lowa, began writing the Nancy Drew books. Although they\r\nwere using prepared outlines as guides, both McFarlane and Wirt developed the\r\ncharacters themselves. The personalities of Frank and Joe Hardy and Nancy arose\r\ndirectly from McFarlane’s and wirt’s imaginations. For example, Mildred Wirt\r\nhad been a star college athelete and gave Nancy similar athletic abilities. The\r\nghostwriters were also responsible for numerous plot and setting details.\r\nLeslie McFarlane used elements of his small C fictional hometown.
Although The Hardy Boys and Nancy\r\nDrew books were very popular with children, not everyone approved of them.\r\nCritics thought their plots were unrealistic and even far-fetched, since most\r\nteenagers did not experience the adventures Frank and Joe Hardy or Nancy Drew\r\ndid. The way the books were written also attracted criticism. Many teachers and\r\nlibrarians objected to the ghostwriting process, claiming it was designed to\r\nproduce books quickly rather than create quality literature. Some libraries –\r\nincluding the New York Public Library – even refused to include the books in\r\ntheir children’s collections. Ironically, this decision actually helped sales\r\nof his books, because children simply purchased them when they were unavailable\r\nin local libraries.
Regardless of the debates about\r\ntheir literary merit, each series of books has exerted an undeniable influence\r\non American and even global culture. Most Americans have never heard of Edward\r\nStratemeyer, Leslie McFarlane, or Mildred wirt, but people throughout the world\r\nare familiar with Nancy Drew and Frank and Joe Hardy.
As used in paragraph 3, which is the\r\nbest definition for surmised?
First introduced in 1927, The Hardy\r\nBoys Mystery Stories are a series of books about the adventures of brothers\r\nFrank and Joe Hardy, teenaged detectives who solve one baffling mystery after\r\nanother. The Hardy Boys were so popular among young boys that in 1930 a similar\r\nseries was created for girls featuring a sixteen-year-old detective named Nancy\r\nDrew. The cover of each volume of The Hardy Boys states that he author of the\r\nseries is Franklin W. Dixon; the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories are supposedly\r\nwritten by Carolyn Keene. Over the years, though, many fans of both series have\r\nbeen surprised to find out that Franklin W. Dixon and Carolyn Keene are not\r\nreal people. If Franklin W. Dixon and Carolyn Keene never existed, then who\r\nwrote The Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew mysteries?
The Hardy Boys and the Nancy Drew\r\nbooks were written through a process called ghostwriting. A ghostwriter writes\r\na book according to a specific formula. While ghostwriters are paid for writing\r\nthe books, their authorship is not acknowledged, and their names do not appear\r\non the published books. Ghostwriters can write books for children or adults,\r\nthe content of which is unspecific. Sometimes they work on book series with a\r\nlot of individual titles, such as The Hardy Boys and the Nancy Drew series.
The initial idea for both The Hardy\r\nBoys and the Nancy Drew series was developed by a man named Edward Stratemeyer,\r\nwho owned a publishing company that specialized in children’s book.
Stratemeyer noticed the increasing\r\npopularity of mysteries among adult, and surmised that children would enjoy\r\nreading mysteries about younger detectives with whom they could identify.\r\nStratemeyer first developed each book with an outline describing the plot and\r\nsetting. Once he completed the outline, Stratemeyer then hired a ghostwriter to\r\nconvert it into a book of slightly over 200 pages. After the ghostwriter had\r\nwritten a draft of a book, he or she would send it back to Stratemeyer, who\r\nwould make a list of corrections and mail it back to the ghostwriter. The\r\nghostwriter would revise the book according to Stratemeyer’s instructions and\r\nthen return it to him. Once Stratemeyer approved the book, it was ready for\r\npublication.
Because each series ran for so many\r\nyears, Nancy Drew and The Hardy Boys both had a number of different\r\nghostwriters producing books; however, the first ghostwrites for each series proved\r\nto be the most influential. The initial ghostwriter for The Hardy Boys was a\r\nCanadian journalist named Leslie McFarlane. A few years later, Mildred A. Wirt,\r\na young writer from lowa, began writing the Nancy Drew books. Although they\r\nwere using prepared outlines as guides, both McFarlane and Wirt developed the\r\ncharacters themselves. The personalities of Frank and Joe Hardy and Nancy arose\r\ndirectly from McFarlane’s and wirt’s imaginations. For example, Mildred Wirt\r\nhad been a star college athelete and gave Nancy similar athletic abilities. The\r\nghostwriters were also responsible for numerous plot and setting details.\r\nLeslie McFarlane used elements of his small C fictional hometown.
Although The Hardy Boys and Nancy\r\nDrew books were very popular with children, not everyone approved of them.\r\nCritics thought their plots were unrealistic and even far-fetched, since most\r\nteenagers did not experience the adventures Frank and Joe Hardy or Nancy Drew\r\ndid. The way the books were written also attracted criticism. Many teachers and\r\nlibrarians objected to the ghostwriting process, claiming it was designed to\r\nproduce books quickly rather than create quality literature. Some libraries –\r\nincluding the New York Public Library – even refused to include the books in\r\ntheir children’s collections. Ironically, this decision actually helped sales\r\nof his books, because children simply purchased them when they were unavailable\r\nin local libraries.
Regardless of the debates about\r\ntheir literary merit, each series of books has exerted an undeniable influence\r\non American and even global culture. Most Americans have never heard of Edward\r\nStratemeyer, Leslie McFarlane, or Mildred wirt, but people throughout the world\r\nare familiar with Nancy Drew and Frank and Joe Hardy.
According to the passage, a\r\nghostwriter is someone who
I writes about mysterious or strange\r\nevents
II does not receive credit as the\r\nauthor
III bases his or her books on\r\npredetermined guidelines
First introduced in 1927, The Hardy\r\nBoys Mystery Stories are a series of books about the adventures of brothers\r\nFrank and Joe Hardy, teenaged detectives who solve one baffling mystery after\r\nanother. The Hardy Boys were so popular among young boys that in 1930 a similar\r\nseries was created for girls featuring a sixteen-year-old detective named Nancy\r\nDrew. The cover of each volume of The Hardy Boys states that he author of the\r\nseries is Franklin W. Dixon; the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories are supposedly\r\nwritten by Carolyn Keene. Over the years, though, many fans of both series have\r\nbeen surprised to find out that Franklin W. Dixon and Carolyn Keene are not\r\nreal people. If Franklin W. Dixon and Carolyn Keene never existed, then who\r\nwrote The Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew mysteries?
The Hardy Boys and the Nancy Drew\r\nbooks were written through a process called ghostwriting. A ghostwriter writes\r\na book according to a specific formula. While ghostwriters are paid for writing\r\nthe books, their authorship is not acknowledged, and their names do not appear\r\non the published books. Ghostwriters can write books for children or adults,\r\nthe content of which is unspecific. Sometimes they work on book series with a\r\nlot of individual titles, such as The Hardy Boys and the Nancy Drew series.
The initial idea for both The Hardy\r\nBoys and the Nancy Drew series was developed by a man named Edward Stratemeyer,\r\nwho owned a publishing company that specialized in children’s book.
Stratemeyer noticed the increasing\r\npopularity of mysteries among adult, and surmised that children would enjoy\r\nreading mysteries about younger detectives with whom they could identify.\r\nStratemeyer first developed each book with an outline describing the plot and\r\nsetting. Once he completed the outline, Stratemeyer then hired a ghostwriter to\r\nconvert it into a book of slightly over 200 pages. After the ghostwriter had\r\nwritten a draft of a book, he or she would send it back to Stratemeyer, who\r\nwould make a list of corrections and mail it back to the ghostwriter. The\r\nghostwriter would revise the book according to Stratemeyer’s instructions and\r\nthen return it to him. Once Stratemeyer approved the book, it was ready for\r\npublication.
Because each series ran for so many\r\nyears, Nancy Drew and The Hardy Boys both had a number of different\r\nghostwriters producing books; however, the first ghostwrites for each series proved\r\nto be the most influential. The initial ghostwriter for The Hardy Boys was a\r\nCanadian journalist named Leslie McFarlane. A few years later, Mildred A. Wirt,\r\na young writer from lowa, began writing the Nancy Drew books. Although they\r\nwere using prepared outlines as guides, both McFarlane and Wirt developed the\r\ncharacters themselves. The personalities of Frank and Joe Hardy and Nancy arose\r\ndirectly from McFarlane’s and wirt’s imaginations. For example, Mildred Wirt\r\nhad been a star college athelete and gave Nancy similar athletic abilities. The\r\nghostwriters were also responsible for numerous plot and setting details.\r\nLeslie McFarlane used elements of his small C fictional hometown.
Although The Hardy Boys and Nancy\r\nDrew books were very popular with children, not everyone approved of them.\r\nCritics thought their plots were unrealistic and even far-fetched, since most\r\nteenagers did not experience the adventures Frank and Joe Hardy or Nancy Drew\r\ndid. The way the books were written also attracted criticism. Many teachers and\r\nlibrarians objected to the ghostwriting process, claiming it was designed to\r\nproduce books quickly rather than create quality literature. Some libraries –\r\nincluding the New York Public Library – even refused to include the books in\r\ntheir children’s collections. Ironically, this decision actually helped sales\r\nof his books, because children simply purchased them when they were unavailable\r\nin local libraries.
Regardless of the debates about\r\ntheir literary merit, each series of books has exerted an undeniable influence\r\non American and even global culture. Most Americans have never heard of Edward\r\nStratemeyer, Leslie McFarlane, or Mildred wirt, but people throughout the world\r\nare familiar with Nancy Drew and Frank and Joe Hardy.
According to the passage, which of\r\nthe following people was a real writer?
First introduced in 1927, The Hardy\r\nBoys Mystery Stories are a series of books about the adventures of brothers\r\nFrank and Joe Hardy, teenaged detectives who solve one baffling mystery after\r\nanother. The Hardy Boys were so popular among young boys that in 1930 a similar\r\nseries was created for girls featuring a sixteen-year-old detective named Nancy\r\nDrew. The cover of each volume of The Hardy Boys states that he author of the\r\nseries is Franklin W. Dixon; the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories are supposedly\r\nwritten by Carolyn Keene. Over the years, though, many fans of both series have\r\nbeen surprised to find out that Franklin W. Dixon and Carolyn Keene are not\r\nreal people. If Franklin W. Dixon and Carolyn Keene never existed, then who\r\nwrote The Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew mysteries?
The Hardy Boys and the Nancy Drew\r\nbooks were written through a process called ghostwriting. A ghostwriter writes\r\na book according to a specific formula. While ghostwriters are paid for writing\r\nthe books, their authorship is not acknowledged, and their names do not appear\r\non the published books. Ghostwriters can write books for children or adults,\r\nthe content of which is unspecific. Sometimes they work on book series with a\r\nlot of individual titles, such as The Hardy Boys and the Nancy Drew series.
The initial idea for both The Hardy\r\nBoys and the Nancy Drew series was developed by a man named Edward Stratemeyer,\r\nwho owned a publishing company that specialized in children’s book.
Stratemeyer noticed the increasing\r\npopularity of mysteries among adult, and surmised that children would enjoy\r\nreading mysteries about younger detectives with whom they could identify.\r\nStratemeyer first developed each book with an outline describing the plot and\r\nsetting. Once he completed the outline, Stratemeyer then hired a ghostwriter to\r\nconvert it into a book of slightly over 200 pages. After the ghostwriter had\r\nwritten a draft of a book, he or she would send it back to Stratemeyer, who\r\nwould make a list of corrections and mail it back to the ghostwriter. The\r\nghostwriter would revise the book according to Stratemeyer’s instructions and\r\nthen return it to him. Once Stratemeyer approved the book, it was ready for\r\npublication.
Because each series ran for so many\r\nyears, Nancy Drew and The Hardy Boys both had a number of different\r\nghostwriters producing books; however, the first ghostwrites for each series proved\r\nto be the most influential. The initial ghostwriter for The Hardy Boys was a\r\nCanadian journalist named Leslie McFarlane. A few years later, Mildred A. Wirt,\r\na young writer from lowa, began writing the Nancy Drew books. Although they\r\nwere using prepared outlines as guides, both McFarlane and Wirt developed the\r\ncharacters themselves. The personalities of Frank and Joe Hardy and Nancy arose\r\ndirectly from McFarlane’s and wirt’s imaginations. For example, Mildred Wirt\r\nhad been a star college athelete and gave Nancy similar athletic abilities. The\r\nghostwriters were also responsible for numerous plot and setting details.\r\nLeslie McFarlane used elements of his small C fictional hometown.
Although The Hardy Boys and Nancy\r\nDrew books were very popular with children, not everyone approved of them.\r\nCritics thought their plots were unrealistic and even far-fetched, since most\r\nteenagers did not experience the adventures Frank and Joe Hardy or Nancy Drew\r\ndid. The way the books were written also attracted criticism. Many teachers and\r\nlibrarians objected to the ghostwriting process, claiming it was designed to\r\nproduce books quickly rather than create quality literature. Some libraries –\r\nincluding the New York Public Library – even refused to include the books in\r\ntheir children’s collections. Ironically, this decision actually helped sales\r\nof his books, because children simply purchased them when they were unavailable\r\nin local libraries.
Regardless of the debates about\r\ntheir literary merit, each series of books has exerted an undeniable influence\r\non American and even global culture. Most Americans have never heard of Edward\r\nStratemeyer, Leslie McFarlane, or Mildred wirt, but people throughout the world\r\nare familiar with Nancy Drew and Frank and Joe Hardy.
Which of the following would be the\r\nbest title for this passage?
First introduced in 1927, The Hardy\r\nBoys Mystery Stories are a series of books about the adventures of brothers\r\nFrank and Joe Hardy, teenaged detectives who solve one baffling mystery after\r\nanother. The Hardy Boys were so popular among young boys that in 1930 a similar\r\nseries was created for girls featuring a sixteen-year-old detective named Nancy\r\nDrew. The cover of each volume of The Hardy Boys states that he author of the\r\nseries is Franklin W. Dixon; the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories are supposedly\r\nwritten by Carolyn Keene. Over the years, though, many fans of both series have\r\nbeen surprised to find out that Franklin W. Dixon and Carolyn Keene are not\r\nreal people. If Franklin W. Dixon and Carolyn Keene never existed, then who\r\nwrote The Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew mysteries?
The Hardy Boys and the Nancy Drew\r\nbooks were written through a process called ghostwriting. A ghostwriter writes\r\na book according to a specific formula. While ghostwriters are paid for writing\r\nthe books, their authorship is not acknowledged, and their names do not appear\r\non the published books. Ghostwriters can write books for children or adults,\r\nthe content of which is unspecific. Sometimes they work on book series with a\r\nlot of individual titles, such as The Hardy Boys and the Nancy Drew series.
The initial idea for both The Hardy\r\nBoys and the Nancy Drew series was developed by a man named Edward Stratemeyer,\r\nwho owned a publishing company that specialized in children’s book.
Stratemeyer noticed the increasing\r\npopularity of mysteries among adult, and surmised that children would enjoy\r\nreading mysteries about younger detectives with whom they could identify.\r\nStratemeyer first developed each book with an outline describing the plot and\r\nsetting. Once he completed the outline, Stratemeyer then hired a ghostwriter to\r\nconvert it into a book of slightly over 200 pages. After the ghostwriter had\r\nwritten a draft of a book, he or she would send it back to Stratemeyer, who\r\nwould make a list of corrections and mail it back to the ghostwriter. The\r\nghostwriter would revise the book according to Stratemeyer’s instructions and\r\nthen return it to him. Once Stratemeyer approved the book, it was ready for\r\npublication.
Because each series ran for so many\r\nyears, Nancy Drew and The Hardy Boys both had a number of different\r\nghostwriters producing books; however, the first ghostwrites for each series proved\r\nto be the most influential. The initial ghostwriter for The Hardy Boys was a\r\nCanadian journalist named Leslie McFarlane. A few years later, Mildred A. Wirt,\r\na young writer from lowa, began writing the Nancy Drew books. Although they\r\nwere using prepared outlines as guides, both McFarlane and Wirt developed the\r\ncharacters themselves. The personalities of Frank and Joe Hardy and Nancy arose\r\ndirectly from McFarlane’s and wirt’s imaginations. For example, Mildred Wirt\r\nhad been a star college athelete and gave Nancy similar athletic abilities. The\r\nghostwriters were also responsible for numerous plot and setting details.\r\nLeslie McFarlane used elements of his small C fictional hometown.
Although The Hardy Boys and Nancy\r\nDrew books were very popular with children, not everyone approved of them.\r\nCritics thought their plots were unrealistic and even far-fetched, since most\r\nteenagers did not experience the adventures Frank and Joe Hardy or Nancy Drew\r\ndid. The way the books were written also attracted criticism. Many teachers and\r\nlibrarians objected to the ghostwriting process, claiming it was designed to\r\nproduce books quickly rather than create quality literature. Some libraries –\r\nincluding the New York Public Library – even refused to include the books in\r\ntheir children’s collections. Ironically, this decision actually helped sales\r\nof his books, because children simply purchased them when they were unavailable\r\nin local libraries.
Regardless of the debates about\r\ntheir literary merit, each series of books has exerted an undeniable influence\r\non American and even global culture. Most Americans have never heard of Edward\r\nStratemeyer, Leslie McFarlane, or Mildred wirt, but people throughout the world\r\nare familiar with Nancy Drew and Frank and Joe Hardy.
According to the passage, the Nancy\r\nDrew mystery series was introduced in
Fleas are perfectly designed by\r\nnature to feast on anything containing blood. Like a shark in the water or a\r\nwolf in the woods, fleas are ideally equipped to do what they do, making them\r\nvery difficult to defeat. The bodies of these tiny parasites are extremely\r\nhardy and well-suited for their job.
A flea has a very hard exoskeleton,\r\nwhich means the body is covered by a tough, tile-like plate called a sclerite.\r\nBecause of these plates, fleas are almost impossible to squish. The\r\nexoskeletons of fleas are also waterproof of fleas are also waterproof and shock\r\nresistant, and therefore fleas are highly resistant to the sprays and chemicals\r\nused to kill them.
Little spines are attached to his\r\nplate. The spine the flea scurries through an animal’s fur in – search of\r\ngrooming pet tries to pull a flea off through the hair coat, these spines will\r\nextend and stick to the fur like Velcro.
Fleas are some of the best jumpers\r\nin the natural world. A flea can jump seven inches, or 150 times its own\r\nlength, either vertically or horizontally. An equivalent jump for a person\r\nwould be 555 feet, the height of the Washington Monument. Fleas can jump 30,000\r\ntimes in a row without stopping, and they are able to accelerate through the\r\nair at an incredibly high rate – a rate which is over ten times what humans can\r\nwithstand in an airplane.
Fleas have very long rear legs with\r\nhuge thigh muscles and multiple joints. When they get ready to jump. They fold their\r\nlong legs up and crouch like a runner on a staring block. Several of their\r\njoints contain a protein called resilin, which helps catapult fleas into the\r\nair as they jump, similar to the way a rubber band provides momentum to a\r\nslingshot. Outward facing claws on the bottom of their legs grip anything they\r\ntouch when they land.
The adult female flea mates after\r\nher first blood meal and begins producing eggs in just 1 to 2 days. One flea\r\ncan lay up to 50 eggs in one day and over 2,000 in her lifetime. Flea eggs can\r\nbe seen with the naked eye, but they are about the size of a grain of salt. Shortly\r\nafter being laid, the eggs begin to transform into cocoons. In the cocoon\r\nstate, fleas are fully developed adults, and will hatch immediately if\r\nconditions are favorable. Fleas can detect warmth, movement, and carbon dioxide\r\nin exhaled breath, and these three factors stimulate them to emerge as new\r\nadults. If the flea does not detect appropriate conditions, it can remain\r\ndormant in the cocoon state for extended periods. Under ideal conditions, the\r\nentire life cycle may only take 3 weeks, so in no time at all, pets and homes\r\ncan become infested.
Because of these characteristics,\r\nfleas are intimidating opponents. The best way to control fleas, therefore, is\r\nto take steps to prevent an infestation from ever occurring.
Using the information in the passage\r\nas a guide, it can be concluded that